See bitumen on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "bitumastic"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "bitumenised"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "bitumen of Judea"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "bituminiferous"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "bituminoid"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "bituminous"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "bitumoid"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "crude bitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dilbit"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "modified bitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "pyrobitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "refined bitumen"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"bithumen",
"bithumen#Middle_English"
],
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#Middle_English"
],
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
],
[
"bitume",
"bitume#English"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bithumen,bitumen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bithumen, bitumen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "lg"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "lg"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bitume"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of bitume",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English bithumen, bitumen, from Latin bitūmen. The verb sense was derived from the noun. Doublet of bitume.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitumina",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumens",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~",
"2": "bitumina",
"3": "s"
},
"expansion": "bitumen (countable and uncountable, plural bitumina or bitumens)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"bi",
"tu",
"men"
]
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "58 6 15 17 3",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Petroleum",
"orig": "en:Petroleum",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
224,
231
]
],
"ref": "2014 August 24, Jeff Howell, “Home improvements: gravel paths and cutting heating bills [print version: Cold comfort in technology, 23 August 2014, p. P5]”, in The Daily Telegraph:",
"text": "You need to excavate and remove the topsoil, line the subsoil with a geotextile, then lay and compact hardcore. Follow this with a layer of compacted \"hoggin\" – compacted clay, gravel and sand. This is then sprayed with hot bitumen, and has a layer of pea shingle rolled into it.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An immensely viscous constituent of petroleum, primarily used in road construction"
],
"id": "en-bitumen-en-noun-6f7GNKwD",
"links": [
[
"viscous",
"viscous"
],
[
"petroleum",
"petroleum"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "asphalt"
},
{
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"word": "Jew's line"
},
{
"word": "Jew's pitch"
},
{
"word": "Jew's slime"
},
{
"word": "slime"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"lang_code": "bn",
"roman": "śilajôtu",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "শিলাজতু"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "bitum",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "битум"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "betum"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "lìqīng",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "瀝青 /沥青"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "aardpek"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "bitumi"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Bitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "ásphaltos",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ἄσφαλτος"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "kheimahr",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "חמר"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "asfalto"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "rekisei",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "歴青"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "rekisei",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "瀝青"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bitūmen"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitumin"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "betume"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "bítum",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "би́тум"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bìth"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "teàrr"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "brea"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"lang_code": "th",
"roman": "yaang-má-dtɔi",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "ยางมะตอย"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "bitüm"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "yer sakızı"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "bitüm",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "بیتوم"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 6 15 17",
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"roman": "bitumen",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "ביטומען"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Any one of the natural hydrocarbons."
],
"id": "en-bitumen-en-noun-OQch-L38",
"links": [
[
"hydrocarbon",
"hydrocarbon"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) Any one of the natural hydrocarbons."
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Australian English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "17 16 50 3 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 63 1 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 15 52 2 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 16 53 1 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 12 52 3 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Albanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 14 44 6 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 12 50 3 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bengali translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 12 52 3 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 12 52 3 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 12 50 3 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 11 57 3 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 10 55 2 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 12 52 3 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 12 51 3 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hebrew translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 12 50 2 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 12 53 2 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 12 53 2 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 14 50 3 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 11 50 3 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 10 54 2 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 11 49 3 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 14 49 3 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 10 60 2 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 12 52 3 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 12 58 1 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 12 53 2 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "18 18 47 2 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Thai translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 12 53 2 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "15 12 53 2 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Yiddish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 19 50 3 15",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Natural resources",
"orig": "en:Natural resources",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A road sealed with asphalt concrete, as opposed to a dirt road."
],
"id": "en-bitumen-en-noun-cG~AmZDM",
"links": [
[
"road",
"road"
],
[
"asphalt concrete",
"asphalt concrete"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Australia, colloquial) A road sealed with asphalt concrete, as opposed to a dirt road."
],
"tags": [
"Australia",
"colloquial",
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Canadian English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Deposit of extremely heavy crude oil."
],
"id": "en-bitumen-en-noun-htvmZPSU",
"links": [
[
"Deposit",
"deposit"
],
[
"crude oil",
"crude oil"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Canada) Deposit of extremely heavy crude oil."
],
"tags": [
"Canada",
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt.jʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt͡ʃ.ʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bɪtˈu.mən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bɪtˈju.mən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/baɪtˈu.mən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-bitumen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-bitumen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-bitumen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-bitumen.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪtjʊmɪn"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːmən"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"bithumen",
"bithumen#Middle_English"
],
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#Middle_English"
],
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
],
[
"bitume",
"bitume#English"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bithumen,bitumen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bithumen, bitumen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "lg"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "lg"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bitume"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of bitume",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English bithumen, bitumen, from Latin bitūmen. The verb sense was derived from the noun. Doublet of bitume.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitumens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumening",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumened",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumened",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "bitumen (third-person singular simple present bitumens, present participle bitumening, simple past and past participle bitumened)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"bi",
"tu",
"men"
]
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
57,
66
]
],
"ref": "1926, Rudyard Kipling, “The Prophet and the Country”, in Debits and Credits, →OCLC, page 155:",
"text": "another star reflected itself in the glassy black of the bitumened road",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
134,
143
]
],
"ref": "1937, Lady Ethel Stefana Drower, Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran, Brill Archive, →LCCN, page 122:",
"text": "The Litlata community have now built a mandi set in a pleasant garden, and to ensure the cleanliness of their yardna have bricked and bitumened the pool into which the water flows",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
42,
52
]
],
"ref": "1984, Dennis Hancock, Wheels of Progress: History of the Road Transport Industry in Western Australia, 1829-1983, Access Press, →ISBN, page 145:",
"text": "Work is already under way to complete the bitumening of Western Australia's last unsurfaced stretch of Highway One, between Fitzroy Crossing and Hall's Creek.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
112,
122
]
],
"ref": "2013, Janice Cooper, Crossing the Divide: A History of Alpha and Jericho Districts, Boolarong Press, →ISBN, page 176:",
"text": "The development of water reticulation occurred in parallel with street work — forming, kerbing, channelling and bitumening.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To cover or fill with bitumen."
],
"id": "en-bitumen-en-verb-OPoz9dkf",
"links": [
[
"cover",
"cover"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "asphalt"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bituminize"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt.jʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt͡ʃ.ʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bɪtˈu.mən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bɪtˈju.mən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/baɪtˈu.mən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-bitumen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-bitumen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-bitumen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-bitumen.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-bitumen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-bitumen.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪtjʊmɪn"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːmən"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"bitume",
"bitume#Middle_Dutch"
],
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
],
[
"beton",
"beton#Dutch"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "bitume"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch bitume",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "beton"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of beton",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Dutch bitume, from Latin bitūmen, which later influenced the spelling. Doublet of beton.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitumina",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "bitumina",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "bitumen n (plural bitumina, no diminutive)",
"name": "nl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"bi",
"tu",
"men"
]
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch nouns with Latin plurals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen"
],
"id": "en-bitumen-nl-noun-FOQs2Djh",
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "beton"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "aardhars"
},
{
"word": "aardpek"
},
{
"word": "bergteer"
},
{
"word": "jodenlijm"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"no-diminutive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˌbiˈty.mə(n)/"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-bitumen.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Nl-bitumen.ogg/Nl-bitumen.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Nl-bitumen.ogg"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#Dutch"
],
[
"bitume",
"bitume#Middle_Dutch"
],
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "nl",
"3": "bitumen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch bitumen",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "dum",
"3": "bitume"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch bitume",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Dutch bitumen, from Middle Dutch bitume, from Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitumèn",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen-bitumen",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"head": "bitumèn"
},
"expansion": "bitumèn (plural bitumen-bitumen)",
"name": "id-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"bi",
"tu",
"mèn"
]
}
],
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Indonesian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen"
],
"id": "en-bitumen-id-noun-FOQs2Djh",
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[biˈtumɛn]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-men"
},
{
"rhymes": "-en"
},
{
"rhymes": "-n"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"uncertain"
],
"word": "betume"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "biton"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "betún"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "betum"
},
{
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "betume"
}
],
"lang": "Old Catalan",
"lang_code": "roa-oca",
"word": "betum"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"uncertain"
],
"word": "betume"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "biton"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "betún"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "betum"
},
{
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "betume"
}
],
"lang": "Old Catalan",
"lang_code": "roa-oca",
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "betume"
},
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "bèton"
},
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "blèton"
},
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "bleton"
},
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "betum"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "béton"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"word": "betun"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Bitumen"
},
{
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "בִּיטוּמֵן"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bitumen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bethyn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bitumen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bithumen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bitumen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bitume"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"m"
],
"roman": "bítum",
"word": "би́тум"
},
{
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "bitumen",
"word": "ביטומען"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*gʷet-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷet-#Proto-Indo-European:_resin"
],
[
"*-us",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-us"
],
[
"*gʷétu",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷétu"
],
[
"*bitū",
"Reconstruction:Latin/bitu"
],
[
"*-mn̥",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-mn̥#Proto-Indo-European:_suffix"
],
[
"*-mn̥",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-mn̥"
],
[
"-men",
"-men#Latin"
],
[
"*bitū",
"Reconstruction:Latin/bitu"
],
[
"-men",
"-men#Latin"
],
[
"*gʷétu",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷétu"
],
[
"betulla",
"betulla#Latin"
],
[
"firmus",
"firmus#Latin"
],
[
"vitulus",
"vitulus#Latin"
],
[
"bìth",
"bìth#Scottish_Gaelic"
],
[
"cud",
"cud#English"
],
[
"जतु",
"जतु#Sanskrit"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":af",
"3": "*bitū<ety:der<ine-pro:*gʷétu>>",
"4": "-men",
"tree": "+"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitumen\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"resin\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷet-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-us\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷétu\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"*bitū\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suffix\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-mn̥\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-mn̥\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-men\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"bitumen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"bitumen\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "*bitū",
"3": "men"
},
"expansion": "*bitū + -men",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʷétu",
"t": "resin, gum"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷétu (“resin, gum”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-sbl"
},
"expansion": "Osco-Umbrian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "cel",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "Celtic",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "betulla"
},
"expansion": "Latin betulla",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "bìth",
"t": "resin, gum"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic bìth (“resin, gum”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cud"
},
"expansion": "English cud",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "जतु",
"t": "lac, gum"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit जतु (jatu, “lac, gum”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":af",
"3": "*bitū<ety:der<ine-pro:*gʷétu>>",
"4": "-men",
"tree": "+"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitumen",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitumen\nFrom *bitū + -men, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷétu (“resin, gum”), borrowed from an Osco-Umbrian language, where the initial sound development is regular. Alternatively, it could be a Celtic borrowing (compare Latin betulla, which is a Celtic borrowing from the same ultimate origin), where the shift of *gʷ > *b is regular, as well. The raising of the first vowel might come from the Osco-Umbrian variety, or have been developed in Latin, as occasionally happens after labials; compare firmus, vitulus. Cognate with Scottish Gaelic bìth (“resin, gum”), English cud, Sanskrit जतु (jatu, “lac, gum”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminis",
"links": [
[
"bitūminis",
"bituminis"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"links": [
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"links": [
[
"bitūmina",
"bitumina#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminis",
"links": [
[
"bitūminis",
"bituminis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminum",
"links": [
[
"bitūminum",
"bituminum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminī",
"links": [
[
"bitūminī",
"bitumini#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminibus",
"links": [
[
"bitūminibus",
"bituminibus#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"links": [
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"links": [
[
"bitūmina",
"bitumina#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmine",
"links": [
[
"bitūmine",
"bitumine#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminibus",
"links": [
[
"bitūminibus",
"bituminibus#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"links": [
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"links": [
[
"bitūmina",
"bitumina#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bitūmen<3>"
},
"expansion": "bitūmen n (genitive bitūminis); third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bitūmen<3>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the third declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin terms suffixed with -men",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"mineral pitch, bitumen"
],
"id": "en-bitumen-la-noun-5fKzvHYz",
"links": [
[
"pitch",
"pitch"
],
[
"bitumen",
"#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "bitūmineus"
},
{
"word": "bitūminō"
},
{
"word": "bitūminōsus"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[bɪˈtuː.mɛn]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[biˈtuː.men]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"*gʷet-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷet-#Proto-Indo-European:_resin"
],
[
"*-us",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-us"
],
[
"*gʷétu",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷétu"
],
[
"*bitū",
"Reconstruction:Latin/bitu"
],
[
"*-mn̥",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-mn̥#Proto-Indo-European:_suffix"
],
[
"*-mn̥",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-mn̥"
],
[
"-men",
"-men#Latin"
],
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
],
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":lbor",
"3": "la:bitūmen",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitūmenlbor.\nPolish bitumen\n[Appendix:Glossary#learned_borrowing|Learned borrowing]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"resin\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷet-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-us\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷétu\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"*bitū\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suffix\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-mn̥\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-mn̥\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-men\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"bitūmen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"bitumen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }\" data-lang=\"pl\" data-title=\"bitumen\">\nLearned borrowing from Latin bitūmen.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":lbor",
"3": "la:bitūmen",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitūmenlbor.\nPolish bitumen\nLearned borrowing from Latin bitūmen.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitūmenlbor.\nPolish bitumen\nLearned borrowing from Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumeny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumeny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumeny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "bitumen m inan",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bi‧tu‧men"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"bi‧tu‧men"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Building materials",
"orig": "pl:Building materials",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen, blacktop"
],
"id": "en-bitumen-pl-noun-njTPiqQz",
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
],
[
"blacktop",
"blacktop"
]
],
"related": [
{
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "bitumiczny"
},
{
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "bitumowy"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "bitumiczność"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "bitumin"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "bitumizacja"
},
{
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"verb"
],
"word": "bitumować"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"word": "bitumin"
}
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈtu.mɛn/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-umɛn"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"*gʷet-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷet-#Proto-Indo-European:_resin"
],
[
"*-us",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-us"
],
[
"*gʷétu",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷétu"
],
[
"*bitū",
"Reconstruction:Latin/bitu"
],
[
"*-mn̥",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-mn̥#Proto-Indo-European:_suffix"
],
[
"*-mn̥",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-mn̥"
],
[
"-men",
"-men#Latin"
],
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
],
[
"Bitumen",
"Bitumen#German"
],
[
"Bitumen",
"Bitumen#German"
],
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "de:Bitumen",
"text": "2",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitūmenbor.\nGerman Bitumenbor.\nRomanian bitumen\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"resin\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷet-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-us\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷétu\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"*bitū\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suffix\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-mn̥\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-mn̥\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-men\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"bitūmen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"German\", \"term\" : \"Bitumen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"de\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Romanian\", \"term\" : \"bitumen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ro\" }\" data-lang=\"ro\" data-title=\"bitumen\">\nBorrowed from German Bitumen, borrowed from Latin bitūmen.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "de:Bitumen",
"text": "2",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitūmenbor.\nGerman Bitumenbor.\nRomanian bitumen\nBorrowed from German Bitumen, borrowed from Latin bitūmen.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitūmenbor.\nGerman Bitumenbor.\nRomanian bitumen\nBorrowed from German Bitumen, borrowed from Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-noun-n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "bitumen n (uncountable)",
"name": "ro-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"gpd": "bitumenelor",
"gpi": "bitumene",
"gsd": "bitumenului",
"gsi": "bitumen",
"n": "sg",
"npd": "bitumenele",
"npi": "bitumene",
"nsd": "bitumenul",
"nsi": "bitumen",
"vp": "bitumenelor",
"vs": "bitumenule"
},
"name": "ro-decl-noun-single"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen"
],
"id": "en-bitumen-ro-noun-FOQs2Djh",
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈtu.men/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bi.tuˈmen/"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"*gʷet-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷet-#Proto-Indo-European:_resin"
],
[
"*-us",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-us"
],
[
"*gʷétu",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷétu"
],
[
"*bitū",
"Reconstruction:Latin/bitu"
],
[
"*-mn̥",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-mn̥#Proto-Indo-European:_suffix"
],
[
"*-mn̥",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-mn̥"
],
[
"-men",
"-men#Latin"
],
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
],
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": ":lbor",
"3": "la:bitūmen",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitūmenlbor.\nSpanish bitumen\n[Appendix:Glossary#learned_borrowing|Learned borrowing]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"resin\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷet-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-us\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷétu\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"*bitū\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suffix\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-mn̥\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-mn̥\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-men\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"bitūmen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Spanish\", \"term\" : \"bitumen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"es\" }\" data-lang=\"es\" data-title=\"bitumen\">\nLearned borrowing from Latin bitūmen.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": ":lbor",
"3": "la:bitūmen",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitūmenlbor.\nSpanish bitumen\nLearned borrowing from Latin bitūmen.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitūmenlbor.\nSpanish bitumen\nLearned borrowing from Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitúmenes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "bitumen m (plural bitúmenes)",
"name": "es-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bi‧tu‧men"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"bi‧tu‧men"
]
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
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"bitumen"
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[
"bitumen",
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{
"word": "betún"
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],
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{
"ipa": "[biˈt̪u.mẽn]"
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{
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"word": "asfalt"
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{
"word": "petroleum"
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}
],
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{
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{
"args": {
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{
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}
],
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{
"word": "aardpek"
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{
"word": "jodenlijm"
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"word": "bitumastic"
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{
"word": "bitumenised"
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{
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{
"word": "bitumoid"
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"word": "crude bitumen"
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{
"word": "dilbit"
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{
"word": "modified bitumen"
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{
"word": "pyrobitumen"
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{
"word": "refined bitumen"
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"bold_text_offsets": [
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224,
231
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{
"word": "Jew's line"
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{
"word": "Jew's pitch"
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"word": "Jew's slime"
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"word": "slime"
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"colloquial",
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},
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"categories": [
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"glosses": [
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[
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{
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},
{
"ipa": "/bɪtˈu.mən/",
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},
{
"ipa": "/bɪtˈju.mən/",
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"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/baɪtˈu.mən/",
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"US"
]
},
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},
{
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{
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],
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{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"code": "bn",
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"lang_code": "bn",
"roman": "śilajôtu",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "শিলাজতু"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "bitum",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "битум"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "betum"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "lìqīng",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "瀝青 /沥青"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "aardpek"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "bitumi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Bitumen"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "ásphaltos",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ἄσφαλτος"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "kheimahr",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "חמר"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "asfalto"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "rekisei",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "歴青"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "rekisei",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "瀝青"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bitūmen"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitumin"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "betume"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "bítum",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "би́тум"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bìth"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "teàrr"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "brea"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"lang_code": "th",
"roman": "yaang-má-dtɔi",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "ยางมะตอย"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "bitüm"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "yer sakızı"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "bitüm",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "بیتوم"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"roman": "bitumen",
"sense": "form of petroleum",
"word": "ביטומען"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
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"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with irregular plurals",
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"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/uːmən",
"Rhymes:English/uːmən/3 syllables",
"Rhymes:English/ɪtjʊmɪn",
"Rhymes:English/ɪtjʊmɪn/3 syllables",
"Terms with Albanian translations",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Bengali translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Thai translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Yiddish translations",
"en:Natural resources",
"en:Petroleum"
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"bithumen",
"bithumen#Middle_English"
],
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#Middle_English"
],
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
],
[
"bitume",
"bitume#English"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bithumen,bitumen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bithumen, bitumen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "lg"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "lg"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bitume"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of bitume",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English bithumen, bitumen, from Latin bitūmen. The verb sense was derived from the noun. Doublet of bitume.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitumens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumening",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumened",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumened",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "bitumen (third-person singular simple present bitumens, present participle bitumening, simple past and past participle bitumened)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"bi",
"tu",
"men"
]
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "asphalt"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
57,
66
]
],
"ref": "1926, Rudyard Kipling, “The Prophet and the Country”, in Debits and Credits, →OCLC, page 155:",
"text": "another star reflected itself in the glassy black of the bitumened road",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
134,
143
]
],
"ref": "1937, Lady Ethel Stefana Drower, Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran, Brill Archive, →LCCN, page 122:",
"text": "The Litlata community have now built a mandi set in a pleasant garden, and to ensure the cleanliness of their yardna have bricked and bitumened the pool into which the water flows",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
42,
52
]
],
"ref": "1984, Dennis Hancock, Wheels of Progress: History of the Road Transport Industry in Western Australia, 1829-1983, Access Press, →ISBN, page 145:",
"text": "Work is already under way to complete the bitumening of Western Australia's last unsurfaced stretch of Highway One, between Fitzroy Crossing and Hall's Creek.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
112,
122
]
],
"ref": "2013, Janice Cooper, Crossing the Divide: A History of Alpha and Jericho Districts, Boolarong Press, →ISBN, page 176:",
"text": "The development of water reticulation occurred in parallel with street work — forming, kerbing, channelling and bitumening.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To cover or fill with bitumen."
],
"links": [
[
"cover",
"cover"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bituminize"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt.jʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt͡ʃ.ʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bɪtˈu.mən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bɪtˈju.mən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/baɪtˈu.mən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-bitumen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-bitumen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-bitumen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-bitumen.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-bitumen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-bitumen.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪtjʊmɪn"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːmən"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#Dutch"
],
[
"bitume",
"bitume#Middle_Dutch"
],
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "nl",
"3": "bitumen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch bitumen",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "dum",
"3": "bitume"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch bitume",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Dutch bitumen, from Middle Dutch bitume, from Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitumèn",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen-bitumen",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"head": "bitumèn"
},
"expansion": "bitumèn (plural bitumen-bitumen)",
"name": "id-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"bi",
"tu",
"mèn"
]
}
],
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Indonesian entries with incorrect language header",
"Indonesian lemmas",
"Indonesian nouns",
"Indonesian terms borrowed from Dutch",
"Indonesian terms derived from Dutch",
"Indonesian terms derived from Latin",
"Indonesian terms derived from Middle Dutch",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/en",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/en/3 syllables",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/men",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/men/3 syllables",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/n",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/n/3 syllables"
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen"
],
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[biˈtumɛn]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-men"
},
{
"rhymes": "-en"
},
{
"rhymes": "-n"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"uncertain"
],
"word": "betume"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "biton"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "betún"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "betum"
},
{
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "betume"
}
],
"lang": "Old Catalan",
"lang_code": "roa-oca",
"word": "betum"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"uncertain"
],
"word": "betume"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "biton"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "betún"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "betum"
},
{
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "betume"
}
],
"lang": "Old Catalan",
"lang_code": "roa-oca",
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "betume"
},
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "bèton"
},
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "blèton"
},
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "bleton"
},
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "betum"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "béton"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"word": "betun"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Bitumen"
},
{
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "בִּיטוּמֵן"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bitumen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bethyn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bitumen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bithumen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bitumen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bitume"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"m"
],
"roman": "bítum",
"word": "би́тум"
},
{
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "bitumen",
"word": "ביטומען"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*gʷet-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷet-#Proto-Indo-European:_resin"
],
[
"*-us",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-us"
],
[
"*gʷétu",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷétu"
],
[
"*bitū",
"Reconstruction:Latin/bitu"
],
[
"*-mn̥",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-mn̥#Proto-Indo-European:_suffix"
],
[
"*-mn̥",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-mn̥"
],
[
"-men",
"-men#Latin"
],
[
"*bitū",
"Reconstruction:Latin/bitu"
],
[
"-men",
"-men#Latin"
],
[
"*gʷétu",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷétu"
],
[
"betulla",
"betulla#Latin"
],
[
"firmus",
"firmus#Latin"
],
[
"vitulus",
"vitulus#Latin"
],
[
"bìth",
"bìth#Scottish_Gaelic"
],
[
"cud",
"cud#English"
],
[
"जतु",
"जतु#Sanskrit"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":af",
"3": "*bitū<ety:der<ine-pro:*gʷétu>>",
"4": "-men",
"tree": "+"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitumen\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"resin\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷet-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-us\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷétu\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"*bitū\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suffix\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-mn̥\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-mn̥\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-men\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"bitumen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"bitumen\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "*bitū",
"3": "men"
},
"expansion": "*bitū + -men",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʷétu",
"t": "resin, gum"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷétu (“resin, gum”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-sbl"
},
"expansion": "Osco-Umbrian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "cel",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "Celtic",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "betulla"
},
"expansion": "Latin betulla",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "bìth",
"t": "resin, gum"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic bìth (“resin, gum”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cud"
},
"expansion": "English cud",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "जतु",
"t": "lac, gum"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit जतु (jatu, “lac, gum”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":af",
"3": "*bitū<ety:der<ine-pro:*gʷétu>>",
"4": "-men",
"tree": "+"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitumen",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitumen\nFrom *bitū + -men, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷétu (“resin, gum”), borrowed from an Osco-Umbrian language, where the initial sound development is regular. Alternatively, it could be a Celtic borrowing (compare Latin betulla, which is a Celtic borrowing from the same ultimate origin), where the shift of *gʷ > *b is regular, as well. The raising of the first vowel might come from the Osco-Umbrian variety, or have been developed in Latin, as occasionally happens after labials; compare firmus, vitulus. Cognate with Scottish Gaelic bìth (“resin, gum”), English cud, Sanskrit जतु (jatu, “lac, gum”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminis",
"links": [
[
"bitūminis",
"bituminis"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"links": [
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"links": [
[
"bitūmina",
"bitumina#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminis",
"links": [
[
"bitūminis",
"bituminis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminum",
"links": [
[
"bitūminum",
"bituminum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminī",
"links": [
[
"bitūminī",
"bitumini#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminibus",
"links": [
[
"bitūminibus",
"bituminibus#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"links": [
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"links": [
[
"bitūmina",
"bitumina#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmine",
"links": [
[
"bitūmine",
"bitumine#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminibus",
"links": [
[
"bitūminibus",
"bituminibus#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"links": [
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"links": [
[
"bitūmina",
"bitumina#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bitūmen<3>"
},
"expansion": "bitūmen n (genitive bitūminis); third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bitūmen<3>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "bitūmineus"
},
{
"word": "bitūminō"
},
{
"word": "bitūminōsus"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin 3-syllable words",
"Latin entries with etymology trees",
"Latin entries with etymon",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin neuter nouns",
"Latin neuter nouns in the third declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin terms borrowed from Osco-Umbrian languages",
"Latin terms derived from Osco-Umbrian languages",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷet- (resin)",
"Latin terms suffixed with -men",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin third declension nouns",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Pages with inline etymon for redlinks"
],
"glosses": [
"mineral pitch, bitumen"
],
"links": [
[
"pitch",
"pitch"
],
[
"bitumen",
"#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[bɪˈtuː.mɛn]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[biˈtuː.men]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"*gʷet-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷet-#Proto-Indo-European:_resin"
],
[
"*-us",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-us"
],
[
"*gʷétu",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷétu"
],
[
"*bitū",
"Reconstruction:Latin/bitu"
],
[
"*-mn̥",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-mn̥#Proto-Indo-European:_suffix"
],
[
"*-mn̥",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-mn̥"
],
[
"-men",
"-men#Latin"
],
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
],
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":lbor",
"3": "la:bitūmen",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitūmenlbor.\nPolish bitumen\n[Appendix:Glossary#learned_borrowing|Learned borrowing]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"resin\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷet-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-us\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷétu\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"*bitū\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suffix\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-mn̥\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-mn̥\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-men\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"bitūmen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"bitumen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }\" data-lang=\"pl\" data-title=\"bitumen\">\nLearned borrowing from Latin bitūmen.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":lbor",
"3": "la:bitūmen",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitūmenlbor.\nPolish bitumen\nLearned borrowing from Latin bitūmen.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitūmenlbor.\nPolish bitumen\nLearned borrowing from Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumeny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumeny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumeny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "bitumen m inan",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bi‧tu‧men"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"bi‧tu‧men"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "bitumiczny"
},
{
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "bitumowy"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "bitumiczność"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "bitumin"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "bitumizacja"
},
{
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"verb"
],
"word": "bitumować"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Polish 3-syllable words",
"Polish entries with etymology texts",
"Polish entries with etymology trees",
"Polish entries with etymon",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish inanimate nouns",
"Polish learned borrowings from Latin",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish terms borrowed from Latin",
"Polish terms derived from Latin",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷet- (resin)",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/umɛn",
"Rhymes:Polish/umɛn/3 syllables",
"pl:Building materials"
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen, blacktop"
],
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
],
[
"blacktop",
"blacktop"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"word": "bitumin"
}
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈtu.mɛn/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-umɛn"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"*gʷet-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷet-#Proto-Indo-European:_resin"
],
[
"*-us",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-us"
],
[
"*gʷétu",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷétu"
],
[
"*bitū",
"Reconstruction:Latin/bitu"
],
[
"*-mn̥",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-mn̥#Proto-Indo-European:_suffix"
],
[
"*-mn̥",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-mn̥"
],
[
"-men",
"-men#Latin"
],
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
],
[
"Bitumen",
"Bitumen#German"
],
[
"Bitumen",
"Bitumen#German"
],
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "de:Bitumen",
"text": "2",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitūmenbor.\nGerman Bitumenbor.\nRomanian bitumen\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"resin\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷet-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-us\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷétu\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"*bitū\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suffix\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-mn̥\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-mn̥\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-men\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"bitūmen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"German\", \"term\" : \"Bitumen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"de\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Romanian\", \"term\" : \"bitumen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ro\" }\" data-lang=\"ro\" data-title=\"bitumen\">\nBorrowed from German Bitumen, borrowed from Latin bitūmen.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "de:Bitumen",
"text": "2",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitūmenbor.\nGerman Bitumenbor.\nRomanian bitumen\nBorrowed from German Bitumen, borrowed from Latin bitūmen.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitūmenbor.\nGerman Bitumenbor.\nRomanian bitumen\nBorrowed from German Bitumen, borrowed from Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-noun-n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "bitumen n (uncountable)",
"name": "ro-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"gpd": "bitumenelor",
"gpi": "bitumene",
"gsd": "bitumenului",
"gsi": "bitumen",
"n": "sg",
"npd": "bitumenele",
"npi": "bitumene",
"nsd": "bitumenul",
"nsi": "bitumen",
"vp": "bitumenelor",
"vs": "bitumenule"
},
"name": "ro-decl-noun-single"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Romanian entries with etymology texts",
"Romanian entries with etymology trees",
"Romanian entries with etymon",
"Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Romanian lemmas",
"Romanian neuter nouns",
"Romanian nouns",
"Romanian terms borrowed from German",
"Romanian terms derived from German",
"Romanian terms derived from Latin",
"Romanian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Romanian terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Romanian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷet- (resin)",
"Romanian uncountable nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen"
],
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈtu.men/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bi.tuˈmen/"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"*gʷet-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷet-#Proto-Indo-European:_resin"
],
[
"*-us",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-us"
],
[
"*gʷétu",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷétu"
],
[
"*bitū",
"Reconstruction:Latin/bitu"
],
[
"*-mn̥",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-mn̥#Proto-Indo-European:_suffix"
],
[
"*-mn̥",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-mn̥"
],
[
"-men",
"-men#Latin"
],
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
],
[
"bitūmen",
"bitumen#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": ":lbor",
"3": "la:bitūmen",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitūmenlbor.\nSpanish bitumen\n[Appendix:Glossary#learned_borrowing|Learned borrowing]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"resin\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷet-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-us\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷétu\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"*bitū\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suffix\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-mn̥\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-mn̥\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-men\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"bitūmen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Spanish\", \"term\" : \"bitumen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"es\" }\" data-lang=\"es\" data-title=\"bitumen\">\nLearned borrowing from Latin bitūmen.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": ":lbor",
"3": "la:bitūmen",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitūmenlbor.\nSpanish bitumen\nLearned borrowing from Latin bitūmen.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷet-\nProto-Indo-European *-us\nProto-Indo-European *gʷétuder.\nLatin *bitū\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Italic *-mn̥\nLatin -men\nLatin bitūmenlbor.\nSpanish bitumen\nLearned borrowing from Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitúmenes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "bitumen m (plural bitúmenes)",
"name": "es-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bi‧tu‧men"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"bi‧tu‧men"
]
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Rhymes:Spanish/umen",
"Rhymes:Spanish/umen/3 syllables",
"Spanish 3-syllable words",
"Spanish countable nouns",
"Spanish entries with etymology texts",
"Spanish entries with etymology trees",
"Spanish entries with etymon",
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish learned borrowings from Latin",
"Spanish lemmas",
"Spanish masculine nouns",
"Spanish nouns",
"Spanish terms borrowed from Latin",
"Spanish terms derived from Latin",
"Spanish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Spanish terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Spanish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷet- (resin)",
"Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen"
],
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "betún"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈtumen/"
},
{
"ipa": "[biˈt̪u.mẽn]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-umen"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l-self",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bituminet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenets",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bituminets",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"g4": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "bitumen n",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "n"
},
"expansion": "bitumen n",
"name": "sv-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "asfalt"
},
{
"word": "petroleum"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"Swedish lemmas",
"Swedish neuter nouns",
"Swedish nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen"
],
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bitumen meaning in All languages combined (47.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-10-01 using wiktextract (c1bb342 and 6f96ddf). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.